Although a number of aspects of earlier experiences correlate with later civic engagement (Sherrod 2007), the role of different factors in driving the level of young people’s engagement is not clearly understood. This qualitative study set out to understand those factors in Turkey. Eight focus groups were conducted with 55 young Roma and Turkish people, with different groups being conducted according to participants’ ethnicity, gender and age (16–18 year olds vs. 20–26 year olds). Analysis revealed specific themes in terms of (...) the political and civic engagement of different sub-groups. However, almost all participants expressed that they did not have enough information about their rights and obligations as citizens. They also identified the different barriers which they perceived as impeding their political involvement and participation. (shrink)

Toplumların sosyal yapısının harcı yahut temeli mesabesinde olan ahlaki erdem ve faziletler, kuşaklar arasında daha çok edebi eserlerle nakledilmektedir. Zira toplumların milli sermayeleri olan edebiyatçılar, yaşadıkları dönemde kendilerine tevarüs eden ahlaki birikimi söz sanatları ile yeniden cazibeli edebi bir kalıba döküp sunmaktadır. Cahiliye dönemi de dâhil olmak üzere Araplar, sosyal ilişkilerinde güzel buldukları davranışları şiir kaydıyla muhafaza etmeye çalışmışlardır. Aile içi iletişimden güçlü bir kabile reisinin huzurunda takınılacak tavra kadar pek çok görgü kuralı şiirde nazmedilmiş ve bu türden şiirler Arapların (...) sosyal yaşam rehberi haline dönüşmüştür. Sadece şiir değil mensur eserlerde de sosyal faziletlere dair ilgi çekici ibretlik hikâyeler ve yaşanmış olaylara dair anlatılar bulunmaktadır. Müslüman Arapların henüz hicri ilk yüzyıldan itibaren tanıştığı servet ve beraberinde gelen şehirleşme, sosyalliğin güçlenmesi ve bundan mütevellit olarak da sosyal erdemlerin daha fazla bir önem kazanması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bu makalede özellikle Abbasi dönemi edebiyatçılarının söz konusu sosyal erdemler bağlamında dikkat çekmek istedikleri hususlar bir araya getirilmiştir. Çalışma, klasik dönemden günümüze ulaşan edebi malzemenin –makale düzeyinde- önemli konu başlıkları halinde tasnif edilmesini amaçlamıştır. (shrink)

The emergence of the Cossack community on the southern border was conditioned by its population growth and the necessity to protect Ukrainian lands from Tatar expansion. The long stay of the Cossacks far from the volosts (rural municipalities) raise the need for uniting into cohesive troops led by an experienced ataman. They built fortified towns and small settlements to defend against Horde attacks and securely store their booty. Russian officials wanted to use the Cossack potential and repeatedly offered the (...) ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to build a powerful fortress on the border with the Crimean Khanate in the 20s and 40s of the ХVІ c. However, due to a shortage of resources, Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi was only able to realize this idea later. There are different versions regarding the castle’s location, purpose, and architectural style. However, the idea of identifying Vyshnevetskyi “town” with the so-called “Khortytska Sich” seems doubtful. No direct evidence of the Sich’s functioning in the 50s of the XVI c. has been found in written sources. Only the presence of a “fortress” or “castle” in Zaporizhzhia is recorded. At the same time, a representative of an aristocratic family made great efforts to defend Ukrainian lands, thus contributing to the consolidation of the Cossack community. This marks the outstanding role of Prince-knight Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi in national history. The castle he built on the Kichkaskii cape of the Dnipro River, also documented in the sources as Mala Khortytsia, served as a prototype for fortifications of the Zaporozhian community. This community, established on the island of Tomakivka in the ХVІ с., came to be known as the Zaporozhian Sich. (shrink)